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1 Pole, William
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 22 April 1814 Birmingham, Englandd. 1900[br]English engineer and educator.[br]Although primarily an engineer, William Pole was a man of many and varied talents, being amongst other things an accomplished musician (his doctorate was in music) and an authority on whist. He served an apprenticeship at the Horsley Company in Birmingham, and moved to London in 1836, when he was employed first as Manager to a gasworks. In 1844 he published a study of the Cornish pumping engine, and he also accepted an appointment as the first Professor of Engineering in the Elphinstone College at Bombay. He spent three pioneering years in this post, and undertook the survey work for the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. Before returning to London in 1848 he married Matilda Gauntlett, the daughter of a clergyman.Back in Britain, Pole was employed by James Simpson, J.M.Rendel and Robert Stephenson, the latter engaging him to assist with calculations on the Britannia Bridge. In 1858 he set up his own practice. He kept a very small office, choosing not to delegate work to subordinates but taking on a bewildering variety of commissions for government and private companies. In the first category, he made calculations for government officials of the main drainage of the metropolis and for its water supply. He lectured on engineering to the Royal Engineers' institution at Chatham, and served on a Select Committee to enquire into the armour of warships and fortifications. He became a member of the Royal Commission on the Railways of Great Britain and Ireland (the Devonshire Commission, 1867) and reported to the War Office on the MartiniHenry rifle. He also advised the India Office about examinations for engineering students. The drafting and writing up of reports was frequently left to Pole, who also made distinguished contributions to the official Lives of Robert Stephenson (1864), I.K. Brunel (1870) and William Fairbairn (1877). For other bodies, he acted as Consulting Engineer in England to the Japanese government, and he assisted W.H.Barlow in calculations for a bridge at Queensferry on the Firth of Forth (1873). He was consulted about many urban water supplies.Pole joined the Institution of Civil Engineers as an Associate in 1840 and became a Member in 1856. He became a Member of Council, Honorary Secretary (succeeding Manby in 1885–96) and Honorary Member of the Institution. He was interested in astronomy and photography, he was fluent in several languages, was an expert on music, and became the world authority on whist. In 1859 he was appointed Professor of Civil Engineering at University College London, serving in this office until 1867. Pole, whose dates coincided closely with those of Queen Victoria, was one of the great Victorian engineers: he was a polymath, able to apply his great abilities to an amazing range of different tasks. In engineering history, he deserves to be remembered as an outstanding communicator and popularizer.[br]Bibliography1843, "Comparative loss by friction in beam and direct-action engines", Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 2:69.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography, London.Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 143:301–9.AB -
2 Fairbairn, William
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 19 February 1789 Kelso, Roxburghshire, Scotlandd. 18 August 1874 Farnham, Surrey, England[br]Scottish engineer and shipbuilder, pioneer in the use of iron in structures.[br]Born in modest circumstances, Fairbairn nevertheless enjoyed a broad and liberal education until around the age of 14. Thereafter he served an apprenticeship as a millwright in a Northumberland colliery. This seven-year period marked him out as a man of determination and intellectual ability; he planned his life around the practical work of pit-machinery maintenance and devoted his limited free time to the study of mathematics, science and history as well as "Church, Milton and Recreation". Like many before and countless thousands after, he worked in London for some difficult and profitless years, and then moved to Manchester, the city he was to regard as home for the rest of his life. In 1816 he was married. Along with a workmate, James Lillie, he set up a general engineering business, which steadily enlarged and ultimately involved both shipbuilding and boiler-making. The partnership was dissolved in 1832 and Fairbairn continued on his own. Consultancy work commissioned by the Forth and Clyde Canal led to the construction of iron steamships by Fairbairn for the canal; one of these, the PS Manchester was lost in the Irish Sea (through the little-understood phenomenon of compass deviation) on her delivery voyage from Manchester to the Clyde. This brought Fairbairn to the forefront of research in this field and confirmed him as a shipbuilder in the novel construction of iron vessels. In 1835 he operated the Millwall Shipyard on the Isle of Dogs on the Thames; this is regarded as one of the first two shipyards dedicated to iron production from the outset (the other being Tod and MacGregor of Glasgow). Losses at the London yard forced Fairbairn to sell off, and the yard passed into the hands of John Scott Russell, who built the I.K. Brunel -designed Great Eastern on the site. However, his business in Manchester went from strength to strength: he produced an improved Cornish boiler with two firetubes, known as the Lancashire boiler; he invented a riveting machine; and designed the beautiful swan-necked box-structured crane that is known as the Fairbairn crane to this day.Throughout his life he advocated the widest use of iron; he served on the Admiralty Committee of 1861 investigating the use of this material in the Royal Navy. In his later years he travelled widely in Europe as an engineering consultant and published many papers on engineering. His contribution to worldwide engineering was recognized during his lifetime by the conferment of a baronetcy by Queen Victoria.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated Baronet 1869. FRS 1850. Elected to the Academy of Science of France 1852. President, Institution of Mechnical Engineers 1854. Royal Society Gold Medal 1860. President, British Association 1861.BibliographyFairbairn wrote many papers on a wide range of engineering subjects from water-wheels to iron metallurgy and from railway brakes to the strength of iron ships. In 1856 he contributed the article on iron to the 8th edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica.Further ReadingW.Pole (ed.), 1877, The Life of Sir William Fairbairn Bart, London: Longmans Green; reprinted 1970, David and Charles Reprints (written in part by Fairbairn, but completed and edited by Pole).FMW -
3 Civil engineering
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4 Houldsworth, Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1797 Manchester (?), Englandd. 1868 Manchester (?), England[br]English cotton spinner who introduced the differential gear to roving frames in Britain.[br]There are two claimants for the person who originated the differential gear as applied to roving frames: one is J.Green, a tinsmith of Mansfield, in his patent of 1823; the other is Arnold, who had applied it in America and patented it in early 1823. This latter was the source for Houldsworth's patent in 1826. It seems that Arnold's gearing was secretly communicated to Houldsworth by Charles Richmond, possibly when Houldsworth visited the United States in 1822–3, but more probably in 1825 when Richmond went to England. In return, Richmond received information about parts of a cylinder printing machine from Houldsworth. In the working of the roving frame, as the rovings were wound onto their bobbins and the diameter of the bobbins increased, the bobbin speed had to be reduced to keep the winding on at the same speed while the flyers and drawing rollers had to maintain their initial speed. Although this could be achieved by moving the driving belt along coned pulleys, this method did not provide enough power and slippage occurred. The differential gear combined the direct drive from the main shaft of the roving frame with that from the cone drive, so that only the latter provided the dif-ference between flyer and bobbin speeds, i.e. the winding speeds, thus taking away most of the power from that belt. Henry Houldsworth Senior (1774–1853) was living in Manchester when his son Henry was born, but by 1800 had moved to Glasgow. He built several mills, including a massive one at Anderston, Scotland, in which a Boulton \& Watt steam engine was installed. Henry Houldsworth Junior was probably back in Manchester by 1826, where he was to become an influential cotton spinner as chief partner in his mills, which he moved out to Reddish in 1863–5. He was also a prominent landowner in Cheetham. When William Fairbairn was considering establishing the Association for the Prevention of Steam Boiler Explosions in 1854, he wanted to find an influential manufacturer and mill-owner and he made a happy choice when he turned to Henry Houldsworth for assistance.[br]Bibliography1826, British patent no. 5,316 (differential gear for roving frames).Further ReadingDetails about Henry Houldsworth Junior are very sparse. The best account of his acquisition of the differential gear is given by D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830, Oxford.W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (an explanation of the mechanisms of the roving frame).W.Pole, 1877, The Life of Sir William Fairbairn, Bart., London (provides an account of the beginning of the Manchester Steam Users' Association for the Prevention of Steam-boiler Explosions).RLH -
5 zdobywca
-y; -y; m* * *mp1. (= ktoś, kto dokonał podboju; t. przen.) conqueror; zdobywcy bieguna południowego conquerors of the South Pole; zdobywca serc conqueror of hearts; Wilhelm Zdobywca hist. William the Conqueror.2. (= ktoś, kto odniósł sukces we współzawodnictwie) winner; zdobywca pierwszej nagrody winner of the first prize; zdobywca Oskara/nagrody Nobla Academy Award/Nobel Prize winner.3. sport (= ktoś, kto zdobywa bramki, punkty itp.) scorer.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > zdobywca
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6 DRENGR
(-s, pl. -ir, gen. -ja), m.1) a bold, valiant, chivalrous man; drengr góðr, a goodhearted, nobleminded man (auðigr at fé ok drengr góðr); ekki þykki mér þú sterkr, en drengr ertu g., but thou art a good fellow; drengir, en eigi dáðleysingjar, gallant men, and no fainthearts; at þú mættir drengrinn af verða sem beztr, that you might get the greatest credit from it; hafa dreng í serk, to have a stout heart in one’s breast;2) a young unmarried man (drengir heita ungir menn búlausir, meðan þeir afla sér fjár eða orðstírs);3) attendant (þeir heita konungs drengir, er höfðingjum þjóna);4) fellow (lætr síðan sverðit ríða á hálsinn á þeim leiða dreng);* * *m., pl. ir, gen. drengs, pl. drengir, on Runic stones drengjar; this is a most curious word, and exclusively Scandinavian; it occurs in the A. S. poem Byrnoth, but is there undoubtedly borrowed from the Danes, as this poem is not very old.1. the earliest form was probably drangr, q. v., a rock or pillar, which sense still remains in Edda (Gl.) and in the compds ás-drengr, stýris-drengr, cp. Ivar Aasen; it also remains in the verb drengja.2. it then metaphorically came to denote a young unmarried man, a bachelor, A. S. hagestald, N. H. G. hagestolz; drengir heita ungir menn ok búlausir, Edda 107; ungr d., a youth, 623. 22, Post. 656 C. 32, Edda 35; drengr, a youth, Stj. 409; hverrar ættar ertú d., 465; (hence the mod. Dan. sense of a boy); far-d., a sailor.3. hence came the usual sense, a bold, valiant, worthy man, and in this sense it is most freq. in all periods of the language. Drengr is a standing word in the Swed. and Dan. Runic monuments, góðr drengr, drengr harða góðr, denoting a good, brave, gallant man, a bold and gentle heart; lagði þá hverr fram sitt skip sem d. var ok skap hafði til, Fms. vi. 315; drengir heita vaskir menn ok batnandi, Edda 107; hraustr d., a gallant d., Ld. 50; d. fullr, a bluff, out-spoken man, Ísl. ii. 363; göfuligr d., Bær. 12; d. góðr, noble-minded; auðigr at fé ok d. góðr, Fms. vi. 356; hann var enn bezti d. ok hófsmaðr um allt, Ld. loo; drengr góðr ok öriggr í öllu, Nj. 30; ekki þyki mér þú sterkr, en drengr ertú góðr, thou art not strong, but thou art a good fellow, Lv. 109; drengs dáð, a ‘derring do,’ the deed of a drengr, Fbr. 90 (in a verse): also used of a lady, kvennskörungr mikill ok d. góðr ok nokkut skaphörð, Nj. 30 (of Bergthora); allra kvenna grimmust ok skaphörðust ok ( but) d. góðr þar sem vel skyldi vera, 147 (of Hildigunna): the phrases, lítill d., a small dreng, or d. at verri, denoting a disgraced man, Nj. 68; at kalla þik ekki at verra dreng, to call thee a dreng none the less for that, Ld. 42; drengir en eigi dáðleysingjar, ‘drengs’ and no lubbers, Sturl. iii. 135; drengr and níðingr are opposed, N. G. L. ii. 420: at Hallgerðr yrði þeim mestr drengr, greatest helper, prop, Nj. 76; at þú mættir drengrinn af verða sem beztr, that thou couldst get the greatest credit from it, Gísl. 48: the phrase, hafa dreng í serk, to have a man (i. e. a stout, bold heart) in one’s sark, in one’s breast, Fms. ix. 381: in addressing, góðr d., my dear fellow, Eg. 407: cp. ‘et quod ipsi in posterurn vocarentur Drenges,’ Du Cange (in a letter of William the Conqueror).COMPDS: drengjamóðir, drengjaval, drengsaðal, drengsbót, drengsbragð. -
7 Indiana
[ɪndɪˊænǝ] Индиана, штат на Среднем Западе США <букв. страна индейцев>. Сокращение: IN. Прозвища: «штат мужланов» [*Hoosier State], «перекрёсток Америки» [*Crossroads of America], «штат ивняка» [*Hoop-Pole State]. Житель штата: индианец [Indianan]. Столица: г. Индианаполис [*Indianapolis]. Девиз: «Перекрёсток Америки» [*‘Crossroads of America']. Песня: «На берегах Уобаша, там вдали» [*‘On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away']. Цветок: пион [peony]. Дерево: тюльпанное дерево [tulip tree]. Птица: кардинал [cardinal]. Площадь: 93491 кв. км (36,185 sq. mi.) (38- е место). Население (1992): св. 5,5 млн. (14- е место). Крупнейшие города: Индианаполис [*Indianapolis], Форт- Уэйн [Fort Wayne], Гэри [Gary], Эвансвилл [Evansville], Саут- Бенд [South Bend], Хаммонд [Hammond]. Экономика. Основные отрасли: обрабатывающая промышленность, услуги, оптовая и розничная торговля, сельское хозяйство, обслуживание государственных объектов, транспорт, коммунальное обслуживание. Основная продукция: металл и металлоизделия, транспортное оборудование, автомобили и автодетали, продукция машиностроения, продукция химической и фармацевтической промышленности, мебель. Сельское хозяйство. Основная продукция: кукуруза, сорго, овёс, пшеница, рожь, соя-бобы, сено. Животноводство (1987): скота — 1,2 млн.; свиней — 4,4 млн.; овец — 82,5 тыс.; кур и цыплят — 28 млн. Лесное хозяйство: дуб, тюльпанное дерево, бук, платан. Полезные ископаемые: уголь, нефть, природный газ, известняк, песок и гравий. Рыболовство (1992): на 2,55 млн. долл. История. Первыми людьми, живущими здесь примерно 1000 лет назад, были строители курганов [Mound Builders]. Первая французская фактория появилась в 1731—32 гг. в районе Венсенна [Vincennes]. Ла Саль [*La Salle] посещал район, называемый сейчас Южной Излучиной [South Bend] в 1679 и 1681 гг. Франция уступила этот район Англии в 1763. Во время Войны за независимость американский ген. Джордж Кларк [Clark, George] захватил Венсенн (1778) и разгромил английские войска в 1779. В конце войны Англия уступила эту территорию США. Индейцы майя дважды наносили поражение американским войскам в 1790, но в 1794 в районе Упавших Деревьев [Fallen Timbers] были разгромлены ген. Энтони Уэйном [Wayne, Anthony]. В 1811 в районе Типпеканое [Tippecanoe] ген. Уильям Харрисон [*Harrison, William H.] разгромил союз индейских племён, возглавляемых Текумсе. Достопримечательности: Национальный мемориал, посвящённый детским годам А. Линкольна [Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial]; Национальный парк-мемориал Джорджа Р. Кларка [George Rogers Clark National Historical Park]; пещера Уайендотт [Wyandotte Cave]; песчаные дюны вдоль побережья оз. Мичиган [Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore]; Национальный лес Хужер [Hoosier Nat'l Forest]; дом Бенджамина Харрисона [Benjamin Harrison Home]; Зал баскетбольной славы [Basketball Hall of Fame] в Нью-Хармони; автотрек «500» с музеем в Индианаполисе. Знаменитые индианцы: Бёрд, Лэрри [*Bird, Larry], баскетболист; Бёрнсайд, Эмброуз [*Burnside, Ambrose], генерал; Кармайкл, Хоаги [*Carmichael, Hoagland Howard (‘Hoagy’)], композитор; Дин, Джеймс [*Dean, James], киноактёр; Дебс, Юджин [*Debs, Eugene V.], профсоюзный деятель; Драйзер, Теодор [*Dreiser, Theodore], писатель; Дрессер, Пол [*Dresser, Paul], композитор; Портер, Коул [*Porter, Cole], композитор; Пайл, Эрни [*Pyle, Ernest Taylor (‘Ernie’)], журналист; Таркингтон, Бот [*Tarkington, Booth], писатель; Уилки, Уэнделл [*Wilkie, Wendel L.], политический деятель; Райт, Уилбур [*Wright, Wilbur], авиаконструктор, изобретатель аэроплана. Ассоциации: «штат-мужлан» со сталеплавильными заводами в Гэри; тяжёлый труд; воспринимается как младший брат штата Иллинойс ( хотя между этими штатами отношения далеко не тёплые); Индианаполис — место проведения ежегодных автомобильных гонок [*Indy-500]; штаб- квартира Американского легиона и Ку- клукс- клана; г. Гэри, первый крупный город США, избравший мэром негра -
8 zdobywc|a
m 1. (szczytu) conqueror- zdobywca Mount Everestu the conqueror of Mount Everest- pierwszy zdobywca bieguna północnego the first man to reach the North Pole2. (nagrody, medalu) winner- zdobywca Oskara an Oscar winner- zdobywca dziesięciu medali olimpijskich a ten-time Olympic medal winner- zdobywca gola a goalscorer3. (twierdzy) conqueror- Wilhelm Zdobywca William the Conqueror- zdobywca serc a ladykiller pot.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > zdobywc|a
См. также в других словарях:
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